consider possible causes

• hypovolemia -> volume
• hypoxia -> ventilation
• tamponade -> pericardiocentesis
• tension pneumothorax -> needle decompression
• hypothermia ->
• pulmonary embolism -> surgery, thrombolytics
• drug overdose with tricyclics, digitalis, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers ->
• hyperkalemia -> sodium bicarbonate
• acidosis -> sodium bicarbonate?
• massive acute MI -> acute myocardial infarction algorithm

epinephrine 1 mg IV q3-5 min

bradycardia? YES-> atropine 1mg IV q3-5 min up to 0.04 mg/kg (2-3 mg)